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This traffic, through intermarriage and cultural assimilation, led to the foundation and growth of a number of city-states, since extinct, and the 'Indianization' of the Malay way of life. From then on, for more than a thousand years, there was a constant movement of Hindu and Buddhist traders, adventurers, priests and literati to the veritable El Dorados of Malaya and other Southeast Asian areas.

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The full implications of the wealth of the region were, however, not realized by them till the beginning of the Christian era. Indian contacts with Malaya go back to pre-historic times. In this study an attempt has been made to assemble the information on the Indians in Malaya and analyse the population changes among them from the beginning of their migration, about 2,000 years ago, to 1957, the year of the last population census of Malaya and of Merdeka (Independence), which marks the end of one and the beginning of another epoch.

For example, the tale of the evolution of the population pattern of the Indians in Malaya has yet to be told. Though some progress has been made during the present century in resolving these discrepancies, ommissions, at times serious, still remain in the information regarding the Indians in Malaya. Typical though it is of many studies in Malaya, it is especially applicable to the study of the Indian immigration and population change, particularly in the initial stages. Finally, much of the information available is inaccurate and unreliable, rendering its meaningful interpretation extremely difficult. Secondly, documentation of the little material available has only just begun and is beset with many handicaps, not the least of which is the dearth of qualified workers. Firstly, source material is scarce, often fragmentary and obscure. The study of the historical geography of Malaya is fraught with more than the usual difficulties.